Spoopy Definition - What is Spoopy?

DEFINITION.TODAY - Have you heard the term "Spoopy" before? Did you know why the term could come up. Apparently behind the process of formation of this word, there is a big influence from the internet and social media.

In many social media services user generated content evolves very quickly, as do social networks.

For example, when composing a microblogging message, users may coin new abbreviations or acronyms that are rarely used in other formal documents. For instance, “spoopy” is an intentional misspelling of the word “spooky” to describe a situation that sosial media, mining and profiling in 1069.

In other words, “Spoopy” is an intentional misspelling of the word “spooky” which is related to a Halloween sign written in a human skeleton typeface.

Therefore, young people today use "spoopy" for being famous in social media. For example, on Facebook or on Instagram. They make unique pictures with "spoopy" then upload it in Social media. As soon as possible after that, they get popularity.

Spoopy Definition - What is Spoopy?

They also sometimes insert the word "spoopy" in their tart or design it in hats, t-shirts, or knick-knacks for parties like Halloween.

Today, indeed, people should be creative and being unique to be popular and viral in internet.

The use of these slang words seems to be a new way of life in the world of end-time human civilization. How about you?

Spooky Definition

If you try to explore the origin word of spoopy, just find out the spooky definition.

In fact, "spooky" means sinister or scary.

I'm sure you'll be more familiar with the word "spooky" compared to the word "spoopy". And you may often use this word in expressing something.

Have you ever read an article or a text entitled "How Spooky is Your Teacher? or have you apply the word to describe your teacher?  I hope you never, it's not polite.

Spooky Beach (Spookies)

Spooky is also the name of a beach in Australia, located in in Angourie Beach, Angourie NSW 2464. It is a beautiful beach and available for swimming, paddling, snorkelling, and body-boarding. Wanna visit there? Be spoopy first! LOL.

Seething Definition - What is Seething?

DEFINITION.TODAY - Have you hear the word "seething" before? Have you known its' definition? If you think that the term "seething" is the only combination between "see" and "thing" and then define it directly, you get wrong. Or you define it as "being boiled". No, it's not what I mean.

As I did recently, I was googling to find the definition of "seething". In fact, Seething is also a name of small village in England.

I feel dissatisfied and still feel curious to know more what other definitions of "seething". Therefore, I open other pages on Google. After searching  and analyze it for an hour, I finally found that:\

Seething Definition - What is Seething?

Very Angry

Seething can be defined as the expression of anger. Or in adjective form, seething is very angry. In this situation, for example, you just arrived at your home and found your favorite bedroom very messy - whether randomized by an uninvited stranger or maybe thrown up by a thief. At that time, I am sure you will be very angry. In this case, we can state that you are seething. You feel seething because you bedroom is so messy.

For me, the term "seething" is awesome to use for other conditions. Believe or not, this vocabulary should be cool to express your anger.

And because of this definition, it's possible that game maker "Angry Bird" will release a more exciting game called "Seething Bird". What do you think? Hope the game will come soon!

Methapor

In my mind, "seething" is a methapor term so that the word can be categorized as slangs or idioms in one condition. Therefore, it is available to use in song lyrics or poems.

In this case, "seething" is not only able used for describing anger but also for interpreting your spirit. In other words, if you have a great spirit to do something, you can say that you are seething. For example, you really wish to build your own business. In this situation, you can say that you are seething to show off your passion in your business.

Besides, if you have an extra power to finish your job, even though you are so tired, we can say that you are seething in working.

If you are creative, you may implement this term to other interpretations. 

What is 401K Definition?

DEFINITION.TODAY - The 401K is the best program ever. It is a program that has been put into law in the early 1980s that permits people with earned income to invest for retirement at work. This is very helpful for people who do not have large amounts of money to invest. The 401K encourages the age old way to obtain security by saving part of every paycheck. It is designed to allow the average employee to save enough to have a comfortable retirement with little effort on his part. And it allows employees to save by making a deduction from their income go into the 401K account.

The 401K program allows for the employer to contribute to the employee's account, generally matching one dollar for each two dollars taken from the employee's paycheck. Usually the employer match is up to 6%. This money is put in a mutual fund, picked by the employee from several choices that are offered; the employer does not own this money and cannot access any of it. It belongs to the employee.

The employee is not taxed on state income or federal as it goes into your saving, but the money will be taxed as earned income when it is taken out of the fund. A few companies match dollar for dollar up to 6%. You are permitted to put extra money above the company match if you are not in a high income bracket which would be based on your income tax filing status. If you are in a bracket over this amount, you may still be eligible for a partial 401K. The IRS may change this, usually upward, so if you are in this bracket, you should check IRS pub.580 or consult a CPA.

This money is to be left in this account until you reach age 59½. If you take it out sooner, you will have to pay 10% penalty and income tax. There are exceptions to this rule, but if you take money out, you lose the growth on that amount, which is significant over a period of years. At age 70½ you're required to take money out. This is called (RMD) Required Minimum Distribution Ii is based on your life expectancy as defined by the government.

What is 401K?

Most companies have terminated their company retirement plans in favor of the 401K. The 401K has the potential of being better because of these three important factors:

1. The 401K should grow into a large sum over a long period of time.
2. Pensions pay the same amount over your retirement lifetime. If you needed extra money in your retirement years, it would not be available.
3. The 401K money is yours by taking it out in small percentages during your retirement years, and added to your social security it should last over your lifetime, allowing you to live comfortably and leave a significant estate for your family.

Many pension funds require you to have a certain amount of time (usually 10 years) with the company before you are fully vested. With a 401K all the money that goes into this fund belongs to YOU. If you change jobs you may be able to leave it in the same fund, or you can roll it over into an IRA. Very few people stay in one job over a lifetime.

What is 401K?

And importantly, a 401k is not a pension plan - originally it was an option for employees of major American corporations to supplement the company pension plan, but over time (as corporations withdrew from offering company pensions) a 401k plan became virtually the only way to save for retirement.

A pension plan (and some still do exist) is a form of compulsory savings, when firms put aside perhaps 20% of payroll into the company pension plan, to be allocated to workers when they retire. In contrast, 401k represents voluntary savings.

In the United States, all 401k Retirement Plans are similar. The general definition of a 401k plan would be that it’s a savings plan, by which private sector workers can save towards their retirement, and encouraged by the government with tax incentives. There are parallel plans for public sector and non-profit employees.

The contributions are invested by fund managers in a range of approved investment classes, and the pre-tax contributions as well as earnings on an account are taxed only when withdrawn.

Employers have the prudence whether or not to make matching contributions to their workers' 401k accounts. Along the way, there are fees and expenses — such as for administration, investment, and other services. If these fees total say 1½% pa, then a fund that reports 6% earnings in reality only generates a return of 4½% p.a. for you, the worker. And then if you allow for the impact of inflation, your retirement savings fund is really going nowhere. And this model has basically been replicated in all western economies.

5 Benefits of 401k Retirement Plans Investing

DEFINITION.TODAY - There are 5 main benefits of 401K retirement plan investing. These include tax advantages, employer based match programs, portability, investment versatility, and hardship and loan withdrawal capabilities.

1. Tax Advantages

The tax advantages of traditional 401K's center around the fact that your contributions are fully tax deductible, meaning that you only pay income taxes on the money as it is taken out.

2. Employer Based Match Programs

Employer based match programs are like receiving free money for retirement. A number of employers offer this benefit of matching a certain percentage of a contribution of an employee as a benefit, for obtaining and keeping quality employees. These amounts can range up to one hundred and 50% of amounts contributed and even higher.

3. Portability

Portability of 401's allows for you to take your account with you after leaving an employer. This is fitting since the account belongs to you and not to the employer. You also have the option to leave an account with an employer's plan, if you prefer.

5 Benefits of 401k Retirement Plans Investing

4. Investment Versatility

The investment versatility of 401K's means that many choices of investments are available for the funds placed in these accounts. Lower risk investors can choose to hold short term bonds. Higher risk investors might opt for equities and higher risk investments.

5. Hardship and Loan Withdrawal Capabilities

401K's also feature the ability to take loans against them. These are repaid according to terms set up with the plan administrators. When a family has medical expenses or other disasters to deal with, they may also take a hardship withdrawal from the plan. Pre-retirement age withdrawals include a ten percent plus tax rate penalty.

Limitation and Regulation

The maximum amounts that may be contributed every year in a 401K account vary with your salary, plan type, and government regulations. Typically, it is the lesser of either the most that your employer will low you to put in as a percentage of your salary, such as four percent, or $16,500 plus the inflation index, as per 2010 government rules. This maximum dollar amount is increased with changes to the cost of living index each year. 

401k Plan Definition - What is a 401k Plan?

DEFINITION.TODAY - Everyone will reach old age, unless he died when he was young. Therefore, people who are still productive now should prepare how they live in old age, especially preparing the most important source of livelihood - money. Although it's not everything to live on, but people talk about it everywhere - from home to work, from restaurant to highway, and from dining room to bedroom. And people probably still think about it when they are in the restroom.

One of the best solutions offered to Americans is the 401k (retirement) plan. Unfortunately, not everyone understands what it is and how to prepare it to the maximum. Either because they are not interested or they probably have not learned the basic concept of the 401k plan. How about you?

Well, if you wish,  let's read the following scholars' perception and definition about 401k plans:

What is a 401k (Retirement) plan?

David Mulonas defined 401k as an employer-sponsored retirement plan in which people deposit money directly from their paycheck and into specified investments as a source for retirement. [1]

In other words, 401k plans are also mentioned as the most common way people are developing their retirement plans in America. It is even assumed as the best financial vehicle people should have because it offers deferred compensation along with potential matching (free money).

401K's are retirement plan accounts. According to Thomas Herold, it is not actually investments. They are specific purpose accounts that are funded using pre-taxed dollars taken out of people's payroll. [2]

Wealth can be built up for retirement then  by purchasing assests in the plan that includes stocks, mutual funds, index funds, bond, and real estate investments trusts.

These accounts do not get taxed on dividends, capital gains, or interest earned within them until such gains are later withdrawn.

A 401K is a retirement plan with a defined contribution. The amount of money contributed is usually up to 15 percent of salary each month and will come out of paycheck before taxes. [3]

A 401k plan is an investment vehicle that a company offers its employees so they can begin to save for retirement. The money invested in a a 401k is tax-deferred and cannot be withdrawn without penalty until the employees get 59 1/2 years old. [4]

Some employers match a portion of their workers's monthly contribution.

401k Plan Definition - What is a 401k Plan?

By contributing to a 401K plan, people reduce their taxable income. Any earnings from investments in their 401K are tax deferred until retirement.

With a 401K plan, people can lend money from their account if there is an emergency. They will pay interest on the loan, but they are paying it to themselves. With a loan, they will not have to pay taxes on the money they borrowed.

If they take a hardship withdrawal, they will have to pay taxes on that money. If they withdraw money from their 401K before they reach 59.5 years old, they will have to pay tax and a 10% penalty fine to the IRS.

If they change employers, they have to make sure to roll their money from their 401K into a new 401K plan. The check has to be written directly to the new account.

Types of 401K Plans

A number of different types of 401K plans exist. All of them have their own spesific purposes, drawbacks, and benefits. 

For example, those who work for not for profits or government agencies are not eligible for standard 401K accounts. They are offered 403B plans instead.

The Roth 401K is another type of 401K plan. It allows workers to put taxed dollars into their account. While they do not permit contribution tax write offs now, they do ensure that income taxes will never have to be paid on any of the account money, including dividends and capital gains earned, when it is withdrawn for retirement.

Another type of 401K plan is the Self Employed 401K. This new type of 401K account is ideal for people who work for themselves. It includes a number of different features that make it very appealing to the owners of small businesses. 

Advantages and Disadvantages

401k plan is a pretty simple investment strategy and it's the best financial vehicle that you probably will ever have.

There are many advantages with a few restrictions to 401k plans, as follows:

Advantages:

- 401k contributions are on a pre-tax basis.

- Which increases your take home pay.

- And money is taxed at ordinary income.

But with restrictions (Disadvantages) 

- On withdrawals before age 591/2

- You will pay a ordinary income tax.

- And with a 10% penalty on the gross amount.

The disadvantages are just the opposite. If you go on receiving checks as normal you'll pay more in taxes without lowering taxable income. Suppose you are paid $2,000 in gross income a week and taxed at 25%. Compare that to contributing 10% to 401k pre-tax:

Contributing to 401k

$2,000 x 10% = $200
$2,000 - $200 = $1,800
$1,800 x 25% = $450
$1,800 - $450 = $1,350

No 401k Contribution

$2,000 x 25% = $500
$2,000 - $500 = $1,500

The difference between the two is that without the 401 your paycheck is $150 more and over the course of 52 weeks this amounts to $ 7,800.

On the flipside, contributing to 401k would have accumulated $10,400. This $2,600 difference is the true advantage. Keep in mind that a 401k is for retirement and it is the best financial vehicle available.

If you are saving money somewhere else you will not be benefiting as much because all of that money invested would be coming from after tax income.

Conclusion

It is imperative that you participate in 401k if it is available, as you have to rely on yourself for retirement.

Sosial security may provide some relief but it won't be nearly enough or its system may change at some point.

Participating in 401k does not guarantee the retirement income that you need, but it is the first option you should look into.

Make sure at all costs, avoid withdrawing or taking out loans as the penalties are extreme and it just jeopardizes your future.

Overall, treat the 401k as a bill and forget about it. With moderate attention to your investments along increased contributions, you'll be surprised how well it adds up over time. In any case it is the best financial vehicle available to you.

Make sure that you understand the plan's provisions before you participate.

Bibliography 

For more information about 401k Plan, I recommend yout to read in detail on the following books entitled:

[1] I'm Not Flipping Burgers When I'm 70! By David Mulonas
[2] Financial Terms Dictionary: Terminology Plain and Simple Explained by Thomas Herold
[3] A Mom's Point Of View: Beginning Adulthood by Kimberly Kay Moreland
[4] Congratulations! You're Unemployed!~: A Complete Guide to Finding Your First Job Out of College by Michelle Abel

20 Democracy Definition according to Experts

DEFINITION.TODAY - What is Democracy? Democracy was first introduced since the 5th century BC in Athens, Greece. Democracy is derived from the word Demos which means the people, and kratos or cratein which means government. Thus it can be interpreted that democracy is a people's government, or can also be called as government of the people, by the people, and for the people. The concept has ultimately become an indicator for political development in a country.

Experts define "democracy" according to different analyzes and points of view. Here are some definitions of democracy that have been put forward by some experts:

1. According to Abraham Lincoln

In his Gettyburg speech, the 16th President of the United States Abraham Lincoln stated that democracy is a system of government organized from the people, by the people, and for the people. From this definition, it can be concluded that the people are the highest power holders in a government, where each of them has the right in obtaining the same opportunity and the same voice in an effort to regulate government policy. In this system, decisions are made on the basis of the most votes.

2. According to H. Harris Soche (Yogyakarta: Hanindita, 1985)

Democracy is a form of popular government. This means that the people are the power holders in the government. They have the right to organize, defend and protect themselves from coercion from their representatives, those persons or bodies authorized to govern.

3. According to Hannry B. Mayo

In a democracy, a common policy is determined on the basis of a majority by representatives who are effectively overseen by the people through various elections based on the principle of political equality and held in an atmosphere where political freedom takes place.

4. According to Charles Costello

In contemporary context, democracy is a social system as well as a political self-government with governmental powers constrained by laws and customs in protecting the rights of individual citizens.

In democracy, there is an acknowledgment of the will of the people as the basis for legitimacy and authority of the government (sovereignty of the people). The will is later poured in an open political climate, namely by conducting elections held freely and periodically. Every citizen has the right to vote for those who will rule as well as to bring down the running government whenever they want.

5. According to John L Esposito

Basically, democracy is a form of government from the people and to the people. Therefore, the people have the right to participate, either play an active role or when controlling the policies issued by the government. In addition, in the official institution of government there is a separation of various elements such as executive, legislative, and unsut judicative elements clearly.

6. According to Hans Kelsen

Democracy is a government of the people and for the people. In this case, the elected representatives of the people are the implementers of state power, where the people have the belief that their will and interests will always be observed in the implementation of the government.

7. According to Sidney Hook

Democracy is a form of government where government's important decisions are either directly or indirectly based on the majority agreement granted by freely grown-ups.

8. According to C.F. Strong

Democracy is a form of government where most of the council members from the community participate in political activities based on a representative system, which in turn, the government can guarantee and account for all its actions on the majority.

9. According to Samuel Hutington

Democracy will be created if strong decision-makers in a governance system are selected through a fair and fair electoral process on a regular basis. Within the system, candidates or prospective leaders are free to compete for votes. In addition, an adult country has the right to vote within the system.

10. According to the International Commission of Journalist

Democracy is a form of governmental system in which citizens have the right to participate in making political decisions through their elected representatives and who are accountable to them through a free election.

11. According to Yusuf Al Qordhawi

Citizens can appoint someone to administer or manage their affairs through a vessel called democracy. Under these conditions, there are some things they should look at, such as:

• Leaders are not people who are hated by society
• The rules that apply are not rules they do not want
• The public is entitled to hold accountable to the leader or representative they choose when guilty.
• The public also has the right to dismiss or appoint elected leaders or representatives if they are found to have committed abuses.
• Communities should not be brought into a system of government they do not know and like, whether in the economic, social, cultural, and political fields.

12. According to Abdul Ghani Ar Rahhal

In his book Al Islamiyyin wa Sarah Ad Dimuqrathiyya, Abdul Ghani Ar Rahhal states that democracy is a form of people's power by the people. In other words the people are the source of power. He also asserted that plato was the first person to reveal the theory of democracy, in which the source of power was one and not a compound desire. Another author named Muhammad Quthb in his book entitled Madzahib Fikriyyah Mu'ashirah also stated the same thing about the definition of democracy.

13. According to Affan Gaffar

There are two meanings of democracy according to Affan Gaffar, namely:

• Democracy that ideally wants to be realized by a country called normative democracy
• Democracy manifested in a political world called empirical democracy.

14. According to Amien Rais

There are several criteria that must be met in order for a country to be called a democratic state. The criteria are:

• Participation in decision making
• Have similarities before the law
• Distribution of opinions done fairly
• Have the same opportunity to gain education
• Availability and disclosure of information
• Noting or treating fatsoen or political manners.
• Individual or individual freedom
• The spirit to work together
• The right to protest

There are 4 kinds of freedom, namely:

• Freedom in opinion
• Freedom in the press
• Freedom in gathering or organizing
• Freedom in religion.

15. According to Robert A Dahl

Ideally, a democratic system should have:

• Suffrage equality in determining binding collective decisions.
• Effective participation. It means all citizens have the same opportunity in the collective decision-making process.
• Transparency of truth, namely the equal opportunity of each citizen in order to provide an assessment of the logical process of politics and government.
• The last control of the agenda is that it is exclusively for the public to determine which agenda should not be resolved through the process of governance, including delegating such authority to others or institutions that may represent them
• Coverage, that is, the coverage of the society covered by all persons covered by law.

16. According to Abdul Wadud Nashruddin

Democracy is a system of life where people's opinions are placed as the main priority in taking policies. Such opinion should meet several criteria such as:

• Religion
• Susila
• Law
• The spirit to uphold the common good.

The voice or opinion of the people must be accompanied by a sense of responsibility. The existence of a positive commitment to its implementation should go through a continuous evaluation stage to suit the needs of the community. In addition to being a political tool, democracy also serves as a tool for the formation of other aspects of society such as economic, social, cultural aspects. Only socially responsible and understandable people relate to the opinions they convey both in scientific, syar'i, and social.

17. According to Joseph A. Schumpeter

A political system can be said to be democratic when its strongest collective decision-makers are elected through an election that is regularly done in which there is a right for a human to choose. A democracy includes two things, namely competition and participation.

18. According to Ranny

Democracy is a form of government where its arrangement and organization is based on the following principles:

• Sovereignty (popular soveragnity)
• Political equality
• Consultation or dialogue with the community (political consultation)
• The majority rule

19. According to Philippe C. Schmitter

Democracy is a theory that states that it is responsive to the needs and interests of its citizens, in which they must participate in formulating needs and actively and freely express interests. Not only must it have a clear understanding, but must have the various sources and the desire to involve themselves in the political struggle required for their preference to be a consideration for the rulers or by attempting to assume office in government.

20. According to Sarjen

Each democratic system is always grounded in the idea that the state should be involved in certain things either directly or through the representatives they have elected in the legislature in the field of political decisions.

Although democratic governance is now considered the best system of government, yet two prominent thinkers of ancient Greece named Plato and Aristotle have argued that in democracy there is the potential for violence (anarchy), so for them democracy is not the best system of government . Plato also states that the best form of government system is the monarchy, in which the full command in a country is given by a king whose power will be devoted for the benefit of all of its people.

Culture Definition according to Experts

DEFINITION.TODAY - Culture is a word derived from the Sanskrit word "buddhayah". The word "buddhayah" means things related to the mindset of an individual. Culture will be passed down by the next generations because it is a habit that must be done by the next generation.

Culture is formed due to differences in community habits. Religion, song, dress, language, politics and art are the cause of a culture in society. The difference is not only found in a country, if you visit several places all over the world, you will see many cultures.

To develop our insights, let's check "Culture Definition according to Experts" out below:

Jensen and Trenholm

Culture is a norm, belief, rule and a custom in an area. Culture binds people in groups and is made consciously.

Geert Hofstede

Culture is a program created by a group that will be used in differentiating one group from another group. Culture has values ​​that must be upheld because it is the core of a culture.

Ki Hajar Dewantara

Culture is the thing that affects the natural conditions in Indonesia and the changing times that are always running.

Edward T Hall

Culture is a means of communication. Culture is very instrumental in communicating with others.

Parsudi Suparian

Culture is the cornerstone of human behavior. With culture, people are able to understand everything that is around and experiences that have occurred in his lifetime.

Selo Soemardjan

Culture is the work produced by a group of people.

Linton

Culture is the whole of attitudes and patterns of behavior and knowledge that are a habit that is inherited and owned by a particular member of society.

Effat Al-Syarqawi

Effat Al-Syarqawi meaning culture through the view of Islam which mentions if culture is a treasury of community groups that can be seen through the life of people who have a spiritual purpose.

Koentjaraningrat

Culture is a human activity in changing nature.

E.B. Taylor

Culture deals with the beliefs, morals, laws, customs, knowledge and abilities of society in life.

Kluckhohn and Kelly

Culture is a living concept that is created historically, both implicit and explicit, irrational, rational, existing at a time, as a potential reference to human behavior.

Biology Definition according to Experts

DEFINITION.TODAY - What is Biology? Biology is a branch and a science of nature, which learns about everything something to do with life on earth.

Assessment of science related to nature has first existed. Science that studies nature has been found in major civilizations such as Egypt, China, and India. However, the use of the term "Biology" was first recorded in 1736, which is used by Linnaeus in his work "Bibliotheca Botanica". And the science that examines nature and modern biology comes from ancient Greece that was pioneered by Aristotle and Hippocratus.

Literally, "Biology" is derived and the word "bios" and logos ". Bios means life and logos means science. Thus, biology is the study of living beings, which includes humans, plants, animals, and microorganisms.

To understand the concept of "Biology" in detail, let us read the following experts' definition:

Orman Karmana

Biology is a science that can support other sciences in solving problems.

Deswaty Furqonita and M. Biomed

Biology is a science that studies and examines everything about makhlu life.

Maniam and Ami S

Biology is a science that has a very wide scope so to make it easier to learn it, Biology is divided into various branches of science in accordance with the object.

Bagod Sudjudi and Siti Laila

Biology is part of the science that studies about living things and the environment

Fuad Izzudin & Tajudin

Biology is the study of living things and the problems concerning their lives.

M. Widiyaningsih & S.H. Anwariningsih

Biology is the study of all things related to living things and life.

Bagod Sudjudi & Siti Laila

Biology is a part of science that studies about living things and their environment.

Nugroho & Sumardi

Biology is a science that studies about the subject of life since several million years ago until now with all its manifestations and complexity, starting from the atomic sub particles to interaction between living things and living things with their environment.

Oman Karmana

Biology is a science that can support other sciences in solving a problem.

J. Juniati, et al

Biology is the study of living beings whose objects and problems occur in the natural environment.

Wijaya Jati

Biology is a science of living beings which emphasizes the study of the science of living beings and life.

Nur Haryanti

Biology is the science of the state and nature of living things (humans, animals, plants).

Deswaty Furqonita & M. Biomed

Biology is a science that studies and examines everything about living things and life.

Y. Fauziah & I Septifiranta

Biology is the study of living things and life-related issues.

Psychology Definition according to Experts

DEFINITION.TODAY - What is Psychology? Psychology is the science of behavior and thought, encompassing all aspects of both conscious and unconscious experiences.

Literally, "psychology" is a word derived from Greek (Greek), namely: (1) psyche meaning soul; (2) logos which means science. So, psychology is the science of the soul or can be called science that studies the psychology or the study of the phenomena of the human psyche.

While in general, psychology is a science and applied science that study the behavior and mental function of human beings scientifically.

Psychology is an academic discipline and a social science that seeks to understand individuals and groups by building general principles and case-specific research.

Researchers in the field of psychology is called psychological, while people who are experts in the field of psychology called  psychologists.

Because psychologists have different emphases, the definitions are different. Here are some of the definitions formulated by the experts:

1. According to Jhon Locke

Psychology is all the knowledge, responses, and feelings of the human soul gained by experience through the means of his senses.

2. According to Muhibbin Shah

Psychology is a science that studies open and closed behavior in human beings both as individuals and groups, in relation to the environment.

3. According to Richard Mayer

Psychology is an analysis of mental processes and memory structures to understand human behavior.

4. According to Jhon Broadus Watson

Psychology is a science that studies outward behavior by using an objective method of observation of stimuli.

5. According to George Berkeley

Psychology is the science of sensing (perception).

6. According to Crow & Crow

Psychology is the science of human behavior and human relationships with the surrounding environment.

7. According to Poerbakawatha and Harahap

Psychology is a branch of science that conducts investigations into the symptoms and activities of the soul.

8. According to Bigot

Psychology is the study of the soul and life of the soul.

9. According to Arthur Gates

Psychology is the science that tries to find common rules that describe the behavior of living organisms as well as to show, explain, and classify the various activities that animals, human beings, or others can do.

10. According to Burno

Psychology is the science of mental life associated with the behavior of organisms.

11. According to Wilhem Wundt

Psychology is the study of experiences that arise in man, such as feelings of the five senses, thoughts, feelings, and wills.

12. According to Knight and Knight

Psychology is a systematic study of human and animal experiences and behavior, normal and abnormal, individual or social.

13. According to Woodworth and the Marquis

Psychology is the study of the activities of individuals, both cognitive, motoric, and emotional activity.

14. According to Plotnik

Psychology is a systematic and scientific study of mental behavior and processes.

15. According to TH. F. Hoult

Psychology is a discipline that systematically studies the development and functioning of the mental and emotional factors of the human psyche.

16. According to Dakir

Psychology is the science that discusses human behavior in relation to its environment.

17. According to Dr. Singgih Dirgagunasa

Psychology is the study of human behavior.

18. According to Sartain

Psychology is the study of the behavior of living organisms, especially human behavior.

19. According to Hilgard and Atkinson

Psychology is the study of behavior and mental processes.

20. According to Chaplin

Psychology is the science of human and animal behavior, as well as the investigation of organisms in all its variations of complexity when reacting to the currents and changes in the natural world and the societal events that change the environment.

21. According to Branca

Psychology is the science of behavior and in this case concerns human behavior.

22. According to Jhon Broadus Watson

Psychology is the study of the nature of the soul and its process to the end.

23. According to Watson

Psychology is a part of science that emphasizes human behavior, deeds and speech either learned or not as the subject matter.

24. According to Zimbardo

Psychology is a science of organism's behavior.

25. According to Robert J. Wicks

Psychology is a science of conduct.

26. According to Koffka

Psychology is the scientific study of the behavior of living things in their relationships with the outside world.

27. According to Ruch

Psychology is the study of human beings, therefore related to other sciences, as it relates to sociology and biology.

28. According to Clifford T. Morgan

Psychology is the study of human and animal behavior.

29. According to Mussen and Rosenzwieg

In the past psychology was defined as the study of the mind. But in its development, the word mind is replaced by behavior. So psychology is the science that studies about human behavior.

30. According to Edwin G. Boring and Herbert S. Langfeld

Psychology is the study of the nature of man.

31. According to Moskowitz and Orgel

Psychology is an empirical science based on observation and experimental research with the subject matter of human behavior.

32. According to Ahmad Fauzi

Psychology is the study of the response given from living things to its environment.

33. According to Rene Descartes

Psychology is the science of the phenomena of thought or the phenomenon of human consciousness irrespective of its body.

34.  According to Shah (2001)

Psychology is a science that studies open and closed behaviors in humans both as individuals and groups, in relation to the environment. Open behavior is a psychomotor behavior that includes the act of speaking, sitting, walking and so on, while the closed behavior includes thinking, belief, feeling and so forth.

10 Science Definition according to Experts

DEFINITION.TODAY - What is Science? science is one that explains the definition of the universe that is compiled into a language capable of being understood by human beings as an attempt to be able to know and remember about something.

In other words, science means something that we can get from an activity such as reading or understanding objects or events. Science is not merely a knowledge, but it also summarizes a collection of knowledge based on agreed theories and can be systematically tested with a method of recognized method in a field of certain knowledge.

If viewed from the point of philosophy, science can be formed because humans try to think more about the knowledge they have. Science is very diverse, including covers about the science of mathematics and physics.

When we were kids, we always started to learn by reading the alphabet, then continued by mastering one by one words and then consciously or unconsciously, we are always learning to read. We not only read in the form of written language but also read the universe and its contents. That's how we as humans to find the truth.

With science, then life will be very easy, because science is also a tool to live the life.

Further, let us read the experts' opinion on the following definition of science:

1. Moh. Hatta

Science is a knowledge or study that regulates a general law work, because the effects in a group of problems that are the same good seen from the position or relationship.

2. Syahruddin Kasim

Science is an outcome of the physical metabolism as the guidance of the creator who is the origin of the interaction process of phenomena phenomena, through the dimensions of the heart, the rational, resourceful, empirical and essential desire to explain the hasanah of the universe in order to perfect the responsibility of khalifaan.

3. Soerjono Soekanto

Science is knowledge that can be arranged systematically by using the power of reason of thought. Knowledge will always be examined and tested critically by everyone who has the intention of knowing it.

4. Abu Bakr

According to Abu Bakr, science is an opinion (proposal) or fruit of thought, which meets the element of requirements in a science to a particular field of problem.

5. Mappadjantji Amien

Science is a science that begins from the wishes of man, which can be sourced from revelation, heart and universe and has a paradigm, methods, objects of observation, and communication media that can form a new study. Science knowledge itself aims to understand the universe in order to utilized and found themselves to explore the fitral potential to know God.

6. Sondang Siagian

According to Sondang Siagian, science is a series of objects of a scientific nature that has a set of principles, propositions, and formulas, obtained with a series of experiments that are systematic and done repeatedly, has been tested the truth, the principles, the arguments and formulation . And the formulation can be taught and studied for greater importance.

7. Helmy A. Kotto

Science is a long series of processes in the formation of knowledge itself and done continuously until it can actually find and explain the phenomenon and the existence of nature itself.

8. Ralp Ross and Ernes Van Den Haag

According to  Ralp Ross and Ernes Van Den Haag written in his book The Fabric of Society, science has empirical, general rational, cumulative, and four criteria must be met simultaneously.

9. V.Afayanev

According to V. Afayanev in his book Marxist Philosophy, science is a human knowledge of nature, society and mind.

10. Asle Montagu

Science is a knowledge arranged in a container or system derived from experience, learning process and experiments that have been done and the results can be used to determine the nature of the principle of rights being studied.

25+ Theory Definition according to Experts

DEFINITION.TODAY - Before and while doing research, a researcher should examine many of the reliable theories put forward by the expert as the underlying foundation.

Fundamentally, the theory comes from the Latin word "Theoria" which is a noun that literally means reflection, speculation or vision. While the outline, the theory has a different meaning according to the field of science or discussion context used.

In general, theory is defined as a series of interrelated parts, definitions or propositions and presents a systematic view of phenomena by determining relationships between variables.

In social theory is defined as a system of interconnectedness or ideas that summarize and organize knowledge of the social world. Whereas in science, theory is defined as a model or frame of mind that explains certain phenomena or social phenomena.

What about experts' opinion? Let's read more in the following explanations:

1. According to Erwan and Dyah "2007"

Theory is a set of concepts that have a systematic relationship to explain a particular social phenomenon. Furthermore he said that theory is one of the most fundamental things that must be understood a researcher when he did the research because of the existing theories researchers can find and formulate social problems that observed systematically to further developed in the form of research hypotheses.

2. According to Emory-Cooper

Theory is a set of concepts, definitions, propositions and variables that relate to each other in a systematic and general way so that they can explain and predict certain "fact" phenomena.

3. According to Calvin S. Hall

A theory is the unproven "provisional" provisional hypothesis or speculation about the fact that it is uncertain.

4. According to Ismaun

Theory is a statement that contains substantive conclusions about order.

5. According to Hoy and Miskel "In Sugiyono, 2010: 55"

Theory is a set of concepts, assumptions and generalizations that can be used to express and explain behavior in various organizations.

6. According to Little john and Karen Foss

Theory is a system of abstract concepts and relationships of concepts that help us to understand phenomena.

7. According to Nazir

Theory is an opinion put forward as an explanation of an event or event.

8. According Kerlinger

Theory is a concept that relates to each other that contains a systematic view of phenomena.

9. According to Stevens

Theory is a statement whose contents cause or characterize some phenomena.

10. According to Manning

Theory is a set of assumptions and logical conclusions that associate a set of variables one other greeting. The theory will produce predictions that can be compared with the observed patterns.

11. According to Fawcett

Theory is a description of a particular phenomenon, an explanation of the relationship between phenomena or predictions about the causes and consequences of other phenomena.

12. According to Travers

Consisting of a generalization theory intended to explain phenomena and generalizations should be predictive. Theory consists of generalizations intended to precede and predict phenomena.

13. According to Gardner Linzey

A theory is the unproven "provisional" provisional hypothesis or speculation about the fact that it is uncertain.

14. According to Kneller

The first theory has two meanings, that it is empirical theory, in the sense that as a result of hypothesis testing with observation and expriment.

15. According to King

Theory is a set of concepts that, when described, have a relationship and can be observed in the real world.

16. According to Siswoyo "In Mardalis, 2003: 42"

Theory is defined as a set of interrelated concepts and definitions that reflect a systematic view of phenomena by explaining relationships among variables, with the aim of explaining and predicting phenomena.

17. According to Mike Bal "1985"

The theory is "a theory is a systematic set of generalized statements about a particular segment of reality".

18. According to Heinan's "1985"

The theory is "a group of logically organized laws or relationships that constitute explainnation in a discipline".

19. According to John W Creswell, Research Design, Qualitative & Quantitative Approach "London, sage '1993: 120"

Theory is a series of interrelated parts or variables of definition and proposition that present a systematic view of phenomena by determining relationships among variables, with the intent of explaining natural phenomena.

20. According to Jonathan H. Turner

Theory is the process of developing ideas that help us explain how and why an event occurs.

21  According to Suyanto, 2005: 34

Theory is a set of propositions that describe a phenomenon happening like this. To facilitate the research required guidelines for thinking that is the theoretical framework. Before conducting further research a researcher needs to set up a theoretical framework as a thinking ground to illustrate from a point where researchers highlight the selected problem.

22. According to Masri Singarimbun and Sofian effendi (1998, 37)

Theory is a series of assumptions, concepts, constraints, definitions and prepositions to explain a social phenomenon systematically by formulating relationships between concepts.

23. According to Hedriksen (1992)

Theory is an arrangement of hypotheses, concepts, and pragmatic principles that form the general framework of reference for a field in question.

24. According to Azuar Juliandi

Theory is a thought, study and research that has been recognized its scientific validity.

25. According to Stevens

Theory is a statement whose contents cause or characterize some phenomena.

30 Sociology Definition according to Experts

DEFINITION.TODAY - What is Sociology Definition? Etymologically, sociology is derived from the word socius (Latin: friend) and logos (Greek: word, speech). So literally, sociology can be interpreted as talking about friends. Then, how do the experts define sociology? Let us read carefully the following definitions:

1. According to Auguste Comte

Sociology is a positive study of the basic laws of various social phenomena consisting of static sociology and dynamic sociology.

The term 'sociology' was first used by Auguste Comte in 1839, a French philosopher. Auguste Comte was the first person to use the term as a special educator to study society. In addition, he also made an important contribution to sociology. Therefore experts agree to call it 'Father of Sociology'. Why? It must be admitted that Auguste Comte is very meritorious to the science of sociology.

2. According to William Kornblum

Sociology is a scientific effort to study the society and the social behavior of its members and make the community concerned in different groups and conditions.

3. According to Roucek and Warren

Sociology is the study of relations between people in groups.

4. According to Allan Johnson

Sociology is the study of life and behavior especially in relation to a social system and how it affects people and how the people involved in it influence the system.

5. According to Pitirim A. Sorokin

Sociology is the study of:
- the relationship and mutual influence between various kinds of social phenomena, for example between economic phenomena and religion, family and morals, law and economics, etc.
- the relationship and mutual influence between social phenomena and non-social symptoms (eg geographic, biological, etc.).

6. According to Herbert Spencer

Sociology is the science that investigates the composition and process of social life as a whole or a system.

7. According to Emile Durkheim

Sociology is the study of social facts. Social facts are a way of acting, thinking, and being able to exert external coercion on the individual.

8. According to J. Gillin

Sociology is the study of interactions that arise in society.

9. According to Wiliam F. Ogburn and Mayer F. Nimkoff

Sociology is a scientific study of social interaction and the result of social organization.

10. According to P. J. Baouman

Sociology is the science of human beings and the relationships between groups of people.

11. According to Paul B. Horton

Sociology is a science that focuses on the study of group life and product life of the group.

12. According to Mr. J. Bierens De Haan

Sociology is the science of human society, both about its nature, its composition, its relationships, the natures that move it, about health, and the development of society.

13. According to Soerjono Soekanto

Sociology is a science that focuses on societal aspects of a general nature and seeks to get the general patterns of community life.

14. According to George Simmel

Sociology is a science that studies the relationships of human beings.

15. According to Max Weber

Sociology is the science that seeks to understand social actions. Social action is an action that is taken by considering and oriented to the behavior of others.

16. According to Drs. Ary H. Gunawan

Sociology is a science that seeks to solve problems with sociological analysis or approach.

17. According to Selo Soemardjan and Soelaeman Soemardi

Sociology is a social science that studies social structures and social processes including social change.

18. According to Charles Ellwood

Sociology is the knowledge that describes the relationship of man and his class, as long as his progress, form, and obligations.

19. According to J. A. A. Von Dorn and C. J. Lammers

Sociology is the science of stable structures and social processes.

20. According to Gustav Ratzenhofer

Sociology is the knowledge of human relationships with its obligation to investigate the basis and the occurrence of social evolution and general prosperity for its members.

21. According to Major Polak

Sociology is a science that studies society as a whole, that is relationship between human being with other human being, human being with group, group with group, either formal group or informal group or both static group and dynamic group.

22. According to Koentjaraningrat

Sociology is a process that is the process of learning culture in relation to social systems.

23. According to Hassan Shandily

Sociology is the study of living together in society and investigating the bonds between human beings who dominate life by trying to understand the nature and purpose of living together the way it is formed and grow, and the change of union of life and belief.

24. According to Anthony Giddens

Sociology is the study of human social life, groups of people, and society.

25. According to Prof. Groenman

Sociology is a science that studies the actions of humans in an effort to fit in a bond. These adjustments include:
- Adapt to the geography environment
- Adapt to fellow human beings
- Adapt to the surrounding culture.

26. According to Ibn Chaldun

Sociology is a science that studies the society, the human in its diverse form, character and characteristic of these forms of traps and laws that dominate their development.

27. According to Prof. M.M. Djojodiguna, SH.

He defines Sociology as the science of life-oriented society, meaning that what is being investigated is the social life.

28. According to Cuber

In his book "Sociology, A Synopsis of Principles" defines sociology as a science of mutual relations between humans.

29. According to Bierens Dehan

Bierens Dehan explains the definition of sociology in his book "Sociology, Ontwikkelingen Methode" defines sociology as the science of association of life.

30.According to Queen & Repke

They revealed in his book Living in the Social World that sociology is a science that studies the life of the group.

Government Definition according to Experts

DEFINITION.TODAY - What is government definition? Every country has a government. Good governance and integrity must be able to create prosperous, just, prosperous, and safe societies. Then, does the government include only the supreme leadership of a country? To find a complete understanding of the government, let us read carefully the following definition of government according to some experts:

1. According to C.F. Strong

C.F. Strong defines government in a broad sense as the activity of public boards consisting of executive, legislative and juridical activities in an effort to achieve a country's objectives. In a narrow sense, he reveals that government is any form of activity of a public body and consists only of an executive board.

2. According to A. Brasz

Government is the study of how public institutions are prepared and functioned with both external and internal to the citizens.

3. According to W.S. Sayre

W.S. Sayre defines that government as an organization of a state that engages its power.

4. According to Rosenal

Government is a study of how to accomplish external and internal structures as well as processes of governance globally.

5. According to Syafie Inu Kencana

According to him, government is a science that studies how to carry out the maintenance of the executive, the legislative board setting, leadership and good governance coordination with the regional center or the people with the government in all the events and symptoms of governance.

6. According to Kusnardi

Government is the affairs of a country in carrying out the welfare and interests of its people and to carry out and perform executive, legislative and judicial duties.

7. According to Haryanto, et al

Functionally, government is a system of structures & organizations of various functions run on a certain basis in achieving the goals of a country.

8. According to Mac Iver

Government is a science of the way in which people can be governed.

9. According to Rosenal

Government is a science that studies the way external and internal workings of government structures and processes globally.

10. According to Aim Abdulkarim

Government is all the affairs of the state in carrying out the well-being of the people & the interests of the state.

11. According to Suradinata

Government is an organization that has great power in a country, including public affairs, territorial, and power affairs in order to achieve state goals.

12. According to Apter

Government is the most common party with specific responsibilities for maintaining a system covering the range. It is also a part and a practical monopoly of coercive power.

13. Muhadam Labolo

Government is a necessity which is held to then be avoided at certain points.

Based on the explanation above, which idea do you think fit your opinion?

Definition of Love according to Experts

DEFINITION.TODAY - What is love? Love is the priceless gift and it is given to the most perfect creature, human beings. Love cannot be pronounced with words, cannot be described with any language. Love can only be read with a love language and also with feeling. Love is a universal feeling fro any gender, age, race or tribe. No matter love for human beings, plants, animals, or to the creator.

Love is the feeling that makes you happy, sad or blind. Love is full of sacrifice, the bitterness, the beauty and warmth. Love is a desire to give without having to ask for anything, but love will be more beautiful if they are both mutually give and take, so that the warmth, harmony and togetherness in life can be truly achieved. Love is a word that has many meanings, depending on how we put it in life.

What about experts if they are asked to define the meaning of love. Let's read their reviews below:

 

1. According to Rabi'ah Al-' Adawiyah:

Love is an expression of the longing and the image of the deepest feelings. Whoever feels it, he will recognize it. However, anyone who tries to find his nature surely will fail.

2. According to Jalaluddin Rumi:

Love is the source of all things. World and life arose because the power called love. Love is the essence of all life formed in the world.

 

3. According to Kahlil Gibran:

Love is the only freedom in the world because it evokes the spirit of the laws of humanity and the natural symptoms cannot change his journeys any time. Love is like a bird, asks to be arrested but refused to get hurt.

4. According to Mahmud Ibn Al-Sharif:

Love is a longing that is not endless, a nostalgia which always explodes, and a madness which never fails.

5. According to Ibn Al-Qayyim al-Jauziah:

Love is the overflow of heart followed an extraordinary desire to meet with the beloved.

6. According to Abu ' Abdullah An-Nibaji:

Love is a pleasure if it addressed to the creatures, and destruction if it addressed to the creator.

7. According to Musfir bin Said Al-Zahrani:

Love is the most important emotion in human life and the most important factor in uniting the human hearts and formed the affection among them.

8. According to Ibn ' Abdush Shamad:

Love is leading to blindness and deafness. The man who falls in love would be blind and deaf to all things so that he can’t see and hear anything except his love either something or someone.

9. According to Quraish Shihab:

Love is tendencies hearts to something because the enjoyment or benefit that can be gained from a loved one.

10. According to Swihart:

Love is an active and productive effort that involves commitment, appreciation, attention, and a sense of unity.

11. According to Eric Fromm:

Love is an art that requires knowledge and training. Love is an activity and is not a passive influence. One of the love essences is the creativity, especially in the aspect of giving and not just accepting.

12. According to Hamka:

Love is a feeling that exists in every human being. It is like a drop of dew that descended from the sky, clean, and pure. Just a different land receives it. If it falls into a barren land, the hypocrisy, falsehood, trickery, and other reprehensible things will grow there. But if it falls to the fertile ground, the purity of heart, sincerity, loyalty and other goodness will grow there.

13. According to Scott Peck:

Love is the desire to develop both your own spiritual growth and the spiritual development of others.

14. According to Erich H. Ericson:

Love is a mature loyalty, formed from the basic difference between men and women. Love charged intimacy and in the same time requires a bit of isolation because each partner still may have a separate identity.

Conclusion

Love is one of the unique power source within humans. It becomes the propulsion heart and soul that will produce an attitude, action and behavior.

Definition Mean, Median, and Mode

DEFINITION.TODAY - The goal of central tendency is to see the one worth that identifies the middle of the distribution and best represent the complete set of scores. The 3 customary measures of central tendency are the mode, the median, and therefore the mean.

The mean is that the arithmetic average. it's computed by adding all of the scores and so dividing by the amount of scores. Conceptually, the mean is obtained by dividing the overall (乙X) equally among the amount of people (N or n). The mean also can be outlined because the balance purpose for the distribution. The distances on top of the mean are precisely balanced by the distances below the mean. though the calculation is that the same for a population or a sample mean, a population mean is known by the symbol μ, and a sample mean is known by M. In most things with numerical scores from associate interval or a magnitude relation scale, the mean is that the most popular live of central tendency.

Changing any score within the distribution causes the mean to be modified. once a relentless worth is additional to (or ablated from) each score during a distribution, an equivalent constant worth is additional to (or ablated from) the mean. If each score is increased by a relentless, the mean is increased by an equivalent constant.

The median is that the point of a distribution of scores. The median is that the most popular live of central tendency once a distribution encompasses a few extreme scores that displace the worth of the mean. The median is also used for open-ended distributions or once there are undetermined (infinite) scores that build it not possible to reckon a mean. Finally, the median is that the most popular live of central tendency for knowledge from associate ordinal scale.

The mode is that the most often occurring score during a distribution. it's simply situated by finding the height during a statistical distribution graph. For knowledge measured on a nominal scale, the mode is that the applicable live of central tendency. it's attainable for a distribution to possess quite one mode.

For symmetrical distributions, the mean is up to the median. If there's one mode, then it's an equivalent worth, too.

For skew distributions, the mode is found toward the facet wherever the scores bring together, and therefore the mean tends to be force toward the intense scores within the tail. The median is typically situated between these 2 values.

Storm Surge Definition - What is Storm Surge?

DEFINITION.TODAY - Storm Surge Definition - What is Storm Surge? A storm surge is often defined as the difference between the observed water level and that which would have occured at the same place and time in the absence of a storm.

It should be noted that this residual can be negative as well as positive, although it is of course only the latter that creates a flooding problem. Note also that the definition implicitly includes higher frequency water-level changes such as waves.

The term storm surge also means an abnormal rise in sea level accompanying a hurricane or other intense storm, and whose height is the difference between the observed level of the sea surface and therefore the level that might have occured within the absence of the cyclone.

Storm surge is usually estimated by subtracting the normal or astronomic high tide from the observed storm tide.

Storm surge, by definition, is also the change in the absence of the astronomical tide during a storm's passage through a given coastal area. It can be positive or negative to the mean water level that one chooses to define, and there is no minimum in terms of its magnitude.

Of course, tides don't take holidays and the storm tide (the highest water level that result during the storm) is a combination of both the storm surge and the anstronomical tide that simultaneously occurs.

We can make an estimate of the storm surge history (its height through time during the storm, sometimes called a surge hydrograph) by simply subtracting the predicted tide from the observed tide at a local tide station.

This is not as easy as it sounds for several reasons. For one thing, hurricanes have an excellent record of destroying tide gauges that get ini their way.

For another, the storm surge may interfere with the astronomical tide, causing it to change slightly from the tide that would have resulted in the absence of the storm. Finally, as was the case for hurricane Andrew, the height of the storm surge could vary staggeringly from purpose to purpose among a comparatively tiny space.

Since there are not that many continously operating tide stations even in the United States, the oddsare against any one station capturing the absolute maximum storm tide in the region.

For the above reasons, maximum storm tide heights are usually determined from high water marks left inside buildings that survive the storm. This is where things get tricky.

Unlike a tide gauge that has a stilling well or a similar device for filtering out waves, high water marks include not only the storm tide (the astronomical tide plus the storm surge) however can also embrace an extra contribution from wind waves.

Not one really knows for certain what these waves may be like in the center of a major hurricane making a landfall.

Perhaps the only most alarming characteristic of hurricanes, no matter size, is that the potential for the onset of flooding from the advancing ocean, called storm surge. Before cyclone Katrina, the idea of storm surge was typically related to wave action, or to place it in additional easy terms - terms typically abused by native emergency management, news media, and even the National Hurricane Center itself - "hurricane waves."

The ideal that hurricane storm surge is simply a wave generated by the storm is a common misconception of the physical processes at work during a hurricane event. While there are definitely waves related to any tropical system, storm surges are literally outlined as offshore will increase in water volume related to depression systems.

This increase occurs as water is pushed toward the shore by the force of the winds moving around the storm system - which in the Northern Hemisphere is counterclockwise.

The rising ocean levels even have waves, which increase the water height and so impact. Storm surge water depths associated with hurricanes vary greatly depending on near-shore characteristics (depth of water, bathymetry, slope, and topographic features such as barrier islands or estuaries) and on the storm itself (including forward speed, intensity, size, barometric pressure, and angle of approach to the shore).

There are certain coastlines of the United States that are more affected by storm surge than others. For example, the wide and shallow character of the offshore area along the Gulf Coast of Mississipi exacerbates the effects of storm surge while the quick drop of the continental shelf along the east coast of Florida tends to reduce the effects of storm surges on land-falling hurricanes along the state's Atlantic coastline.

Given local variations in offshore bathymetry and topography and storm parameters it has become increasingly problematic to equate storm surges with wind speeds. For example, Hurrican Camille was a Category 5 storm (with a 25 foot storm surge), while Hurricane Katrina was a Category 3 storm (based on wind speeds), but had a Category 5 storm surge. Because of this, the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale no longer equates wind intensity with storm surge, a change that occured in 2010.

How to determine storm surge height?

One of the methods for determining storm surge height is to record so-called high-water marks on buildings. These area unit the marks from the water level left on the edges of structures once the water recedes. High-water marks are routinely used in measuring historic flood heights in addition to storm surge. Communities often use high-water marks as testimonials or commemorations of the impacts of previous storms. Since so much of the infrastructure was simply washed away by the storm surge, it was very difficult to estimate with precision the height of the storm surge, given the geographic variation in local conditions mentioned previously.

Warning!!!

 A safe area designed to safeguard you and your family or staff from a cyclone or tornado mustn't be inbuilt a vicinity expected to be flooded throughout a cyclone, violent storm, or alternative severe weather event. Residents of hazard-prone coastal areas ought to abide by the warnings of their native emergency services personnel and evacuate to safer ground. The protection from wind provided by safe rooms and shelters is quickly negated once individuals notice themselves cornered and inundated by floodwaters.

If you are doing not apprehend whether or not your home or little business is during a storm surge space or alternative space subject to flooding, check the community service section of your native phone book for storm surge evacuation data or raise your native emergency management or plain management official.